Thursday 13 June 2013

Outlook 2013 Bug when using IMAP - Beware the Bandwidth Blowout!

We recently had issues with our work internet connection that meant sizeable amounts of data were being chewed up without our users doing anything in particular or untoward.

Using the bandwidth monitor utility Networx (http://www.softperfect.com/products/networx/) (which breaks accumulated traffic down by process), we specifically found that Outlook 2013 was downloading large amounts of data (40-50MB) - many (but not all) times that a "Send and Receive" synch was performed. This was using IMAP running against the open source DoveCot (http://www.dovecot.org/) as a mail server.

Now by default, this is set to every 30 minutes. If a machine is on 24 hours day, this can add up to 2.4GB per user - which clogs up your network and really adds up on anything but an unlimited plan!

Cracking open Wireshark (http://www.wireshark.org/), I turned off SSL to see what was going on in terms of the IMAP commands going down the wire and the full extent of the download. Nothing stuck out apart from the fact that setting the "Mail to keep offline setting" to 24 months as below performs an IMAP "UID SEARCH SINCE 13-Jun-2011" to filter results. This is as expected.


To my surprise, with the default "All" Setting for "Mail to keep offline", you can also see that on regular but apparently random occasions every single email (including ALL content and ALL binaries) was being downloaded every time from the mail server - regardless of whether Outlook already had a locally cached version or not. Sometimes, the download will only be 5MB per click of "Send and Receive All". I tried to reproduce it and it tends to happen when you save Drafts or send/receive large items in your inbox - but I wasn't able to isolate the issue through a process of elimination.

This may well be part of the OST corruption issues mentioned here - the IMAP issues in Outlook 2013 are apparently high on the MS internal support agenda:
http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/gmail/9alMlaOkMC4

In terms of the mail server, the installed version of Dovecot also seems to support LIST-EXTENDED for special folder support introduced in Outlook 2013 - so that doesn't appear to be the problem (unless there is a variation on the standard between Outlook/the IMAP server - which is not impossible).

So no clear conclusions I'm afraid. The one thing that is clear is that there are problems with Outlook 2013 and IMAP - based on the large number of problems I've seen floating around the web. The above problem is just one example of these. I've also seen that Outlook 2013 sometimes doesn't download new emails at all (even though other clients such as Android download from the same mail server correctly.). In addition, when working with drafts and saving the draft email repeatedly, Outlook will not be able to save it and say that it must be saved as a new copy within your Drafts folder.

Apparently, a fix to some of these problems should be released around August 2013 (as per http://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/gmail/9alMlaOkMC4)

In the meantime, to fix the heavy bandwidth usage issue, I can only suggest:
  1. Roll back to Outlook 2010 if you're using IMAP . This seems to be a popular option - although you cannot have Outlook 2013 and 2010 running simultaneously (unlike other MS Office Products).  [Recommended - this worked in my situation and reduced synch bandwidth usage from 50MB to 850KB]
  2. Perform a full initial synchronisation with the default "All" setting. Then reduce your "Mail to keep offline" time window to a smaller figure after this initial synchronization (e.g. 1 month) 
  3. Delete your local OST file and set up email again. This may give you temporary relief from the problem - but it wasn't a permanent fix for me.
  4. Use yet another client like Thunderbird - although this apparently also has issues with non-appearing folders with some IMAP providers as well.
  5. Reduce your synchronisation frequency (to something less than 30 minute full synchs). 
  6. Update your mail server if possible to ensure full compliance with standards. This isn't an option for me. You should also confirm this with a pilot/Proof of Concept to confirm that it fixes your specific issue.
  7. Clean out/auto-archive your emails!

DDK

88 comments:

quark said...

Thank you for your suggestions, I'm fighting against this bug since January when my 10 GB/month mobile internet plan was completely swallowed by Outlook 2013.

Thomas in Oz said...

A few clients of ours are struggling with this exact problem, but don't have the option of rolling back to 2010.

Have you discovered a permanent fix since writing this?

tonycorallo said...

Thanks for posting. It has helped my sanity.

I finally looked into my bandwidth issues because I was having to move from unlimited to limited bandwidth and identified Outlook 2013 as the culprit using free or trial versions of Networx and NetBalancer.

I’m an Outlook 2013 home premium subscriber and I have 3 IMAP accounts set up whose data files total about 1.8 GB and a Gmail IMAP (700 MB) and Hotmail ActiveSync (120 MB) accounts. Nothing too unusual I would have though and I didn’t have any bandwidth issues on any of the previous 3 version of Outlook.

I had Outlook set up to send and receive every 2 minutes and it managed to consume 210 to 240 MB per HOUR! Even when there were no emails being received.

I also have no way of rolling back to a previous version so I called Microsoft who said that there is no issue and that I must contact my mail service provider or an issue with another device which checks my email. The guy said that this is the first time that he has ever heard of an issue like.

It’s all very frustrating, particularly as there doesn't appear to be any end in sight.

Unknown said...

This!

This is EXACTLY the issue we're currently experiencing. We've been moving clients from pop to imap based accounts, and our bandwidth usage has skyrocketed. 1 client has about 2gb of mail in their account, about 60mb in their inbox. Watching the mail logs, they were doing 34mb of downloads every 5 minutes.

Just want to clarify, did reducing the offline setting to something less than ALL cause outlook to do a proper sync and only download new messages, or does it just mean it now downloads a subset of messages based on the date, but still downloads every single message regardless of status?

Anonymous said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Anonymous said...

Oops previous typo.....

Me too.

I'm chewing through about 5Gb a day. My 25Gb/month Telstra plan isn't holding up well.

Is there a solution yet?

JC

Willie said...

Since you are running Dovecot, I think suggestion #6 is a little silly. Dovecot is just about as standard as you can get when it comes to IMAP.

Wifiuk said...

would be great if someone had an idea how to fix this?

Rick said...

Hah, IT guy here and me and my company have been scratching our heads how one of our clients went from - to over 50gb of data within a few days.

This, we have determined, is the culprit. Now that I've seen these posts i'm sure of it.

Sigh

dom said...

Same issue here - I went back to POP3 a week ago, bandwith issues solved (I had peaks up 15Gb / day on IMAP !!!)

Jonathan said...

We operate mailservers and noticed that IMAP usage on one client account went from 20Mb or so per day to 6.5Gb and now 8Gb per day. We run Dovecot and client has Outlook 2013 so this looks like the issue. Not sure what changed on the day bandwidth shot up. Client was operating Outlook 2013 before and we have not updated Dovecot.

tonycorallo said...

it looks like this issue has been fixed in the latest update - 15.0.4551.1005

Jonathan said...

Hi quartermileburner

Sounds you got some good news for us there. Do you have a reference or Change History link for the latest release 15.0.4551.1005 so we can see the issue has been addressed? I can't find any info on the release.

Thank you.

Anonymous said...

You wrote tha the preblem may be fixed with Outlook version 15.0.4551.1005. Is that really sure. Have you alaysed it?
The huge data amound pisses me off. I would have no problem to change the client if there would be another Exchange active Sync Client for Windows 7.

Doug said...

Fought this problem for 3 days, I went in and increased the server timout period to 4min 20 secs in the Account Settings->More Settings->Advanced slider (nothing magic about that number I just grabbed the slider and moved it way right) and since then Outlook 2013 / IMAP on an Inbox with 7000 mails is flying - no repeat syncing - no huge bandwidth syncs.

Davids in Europe said...

Not sure if this will help, but I just went into Preferences/accounts/advanced/ and ticked 'download headers only' and 'except in inbox'.

Seems to have done the trick. Went from 500+kb/sec to 3kb/sec/

Hope it works for you too :)

Unknown said...

I fixed my problem with Gmail/Outlook 2013 sync by going to Google and managing my account.

There is a spot to turn on "Access for less secure apps." They don't recommend that you do it, but I'm now able to receive my Gmail after setting up a new account in Outlook 2013.

I hope this helps.

Sandman3

Manjit said...

Reducing your "Mail to keep offline" time window to 1 month seems to work

Unknown said...

I love this blog because it is really helpful and informative blog for us and I’m thankful to you for sharing this blog. For any kind of technical support your visit the website Outlook Phone Number UK or call at 0800-090-3220.

Praylin S said...

Awesome post with valid content. Thanks for sharing this with us. Looking forward to learn more from you.
Tally Course in Chennai
Tally Training in Chennai
Embedded System Course Chennai
Embedded Training in Chennai
LINUX Training in Chennai
LINUX Course in Chennai
Tally Course in Tambaram
Tally Course in Velachery

jefrin said...

amazing post thanks for sharing
power BI training course in chennai

service care said...

I am amzaed by the way you have explained things in this post. This post is quite interesting and i am looking forward to read more of your posts.
lenovo service center in chennai
lenovo mobile service center in chennai
lenovo service centre chennai
lenovo service center
lenovo mobile service center near me
lenovo mobile service centre in chennai
lenovo service center in velachery
lenovo service center in porur

shwethapriya said...

Really informative blog for all people. Thanks for sharing it.
Spoken English Classes in Chennai
Spoken English in Chennai
Data Analytics Courses in Chennai
IELTS Coaching centre in Chennai
Japanese Language Classes in Chennai
TOEFL Classes in Chennai
Spoken English Classes in Tambaram
Spoken English Classes in Anna Nagar

Yourdoorstep said...

Thanks for Fantasctic blog and its to much informatic which i never think ..Keep writing and grwoing your self

Birth certificate in delhi
Birth certificate in ghaziabad
Birth certificate in gurgaon
Birth certificate in noida
How to get birth certificate in ghaziabad
how to get birth certificate in delhi
birth certificate agent in delhi
how to download birth certificate
birth certificate in greater noida
birth certificate agent in delhi
Birth certificate in delhi

Anbarasan14 said...

I am happy reading your blog, I gained a piece of knowledge. Kindly continue the work.
Spoken English Classes in Chennai
Spoken English in Chennai
Top 10 Spoken English Classes in Chennai
Best IELTS Coaching in Chennai
IELTS Coaching Centre in Chennai
English Classes in Mumbai
English Speaking Classes in Mumbai
Best IELTS Coaching in Mumbai
IELTS Coaching in Mumbai
Spoken English Class in Anna Nagar

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Its really helpful for the users of this site. I am also searching about these type of sites now a days. So your site really helps me for searching the new and great stuff.vmware training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Very useful and information content has been shared out here, Thanks for sharing it.aws training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

These provided information was really so nice,thanks for giving that post and the more skills to develop after refer that post.salesforce developer training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Your articles really impressed for me,because of all information so nice.salesforce admin training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Linking is very useful thing.you have really helped lots of people who visit blog and provide them use full information.devops training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Being new to the blogging world I feel like there is still so much to learn. Your tips helped to clarify a few things for me as well as giving.servicenow training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Really it was an awesome article,very interesting to read.You have provided an nice article,Thanks for sharing.informatica training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

I know that it takes a lot of effort and hard work to write such an informative content like this.cloud computing training in bangalore

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Your articles really impressed for me,because of all information so nice.sap tm training in bangalore

Bangalore Training Academy said...

I am really happy to say it’s an interesting post to read. I learn new information from your article, you are doing a great job. Keep it up…

Upgrade your career Learn AWS Training from industry experts get Complete hands-on Training, Interview preparation, and Job Assistance at Bangalore Training Academy Located in BTM Layout.

Softgen Infotech said...

Very interesting, good job and thanks for sharing such a good blog.

Upgrade your career Learn SharePoint Developer Training in Bangalore from industry experts get Complete hands-on Training, Interview preparation, and Job Assistance at Softgen Infotech.

Repairtech Solutions said...

I couldn’t resist commenting. Exceptionally well written! onsite mobile repair bangalore Saved as a favorite, I like your blog! asus display repair bangalore Great post. I am experiencing many of these issues as well.. huawei display repair bangalore

Repairtech Solutions said...

Hey there! I simply would like to give you a big thumbs up for your great info you've got right here on this post. I'll be coming back to your web site for more soon. online laptop repair center bangalore When I originally left a comment I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on whenever a comment is added I receive four emails with the exact same comment. There has to be a way you can remove me from that service? Appreciate it! dell repair center bangalore

Repairtech Solutions said...

The next time I read a blog, Hopefully it won't fail me as much as this one. I mean, Yes, it was my choice to read, but I genuinely thought you would probably have something helpful to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something you could fix if you weren't too busy seeking attention. macbook repair center bangalore Spot on with this write-up, I actually believe this website needs far more attention. I’ll probably be returning to see more, thanks for the information! acer repair center bangalore


Softgen Infotech said...

Really i appreciate the effort you made to share the knowledge. The topic here i found was really effective...

Softgen Infotech have the best Python Training in Bangalore . Any professional who is looking out to switch their career can enroll with us.

eTechno Soft Solutions said...

Really i appreciate the effort you made to share the knowledge. The topic here i found was really effective...

Looking for SAP FICO Training in Bangalore , learn from eTechno Soft Solutions SAP HR HCM Training on online training and classroom training. Join today!

TrudyAdah said...

This is too informative and interesting. Thanks for sharing an informative blog with us. keep doing.
Regards,
Digital Marketing Company in Chennai
eCommerce Development Company
Best Online Payment Gateway
ERP Services

IT Software Training Institute said...

SAP ABAP Training in Bangalore with 100% placement. We are the Best SAP ABAP Training Institute in Bangalore. Our SAP ABAP courses are taught by working professionals who are experts in.

sap abap training in bangalore

sap abap courses in bangalore

sap abap classes in bangalore

sap abap training institute in bangalore

sap abap course syllabus

best sap abap training

sap abap training centers

Jack sparrow said...


Well thats a nice article.The information You providied is good . Here is i want to share about dell boomi training and Mulesoft Training videos . Expecting more articles from you .

IT Software Training Institute said...

Artificial Intelligence AI Course in Bangalore with 100% placement. We are the Best Artificial Intelligence AI Course Institute in Bangalore. Our Artificial Intelligence AI course and Certification courses are taught by working professionals who are experts in Artificial Intelligence AI.

Artificial Intelligence AI Training in Bangalore

Artificial Intelligence AI course in bangalore

Artificial Intelligence AI in bangalore

Artificial Intelligence AI classes in bangalore

Artificial Intelligence AI course institute in bangalore

Artificial Intelligence AI course and Certification course syllabus

best Artificial Intelligence AI course

Artificial Intelligence AI course centers

Unknown said...


This is most informative and also this post most user friendly and super navigation to all posts. Thank you so much for giving this information to me.SAP ABAP training in Chennai.
Java training in chennai | Java training in annanagar | Java training in omr | Java training in porur | Java training in tambaram | Java training in velachery

Career Programs Excellence said...

I have express a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style of blogging. I added it to my favorite’s blog site list and will be checking back soon…
Business Analytics Training
Business Analytics Course In Hyderabad

Anu said...

This is most informative and also this post most user friendly and super navigation to all posts... Thank you so much for giving this information to me..
DevOps Training | Certification in Chennai | DevOps Training | Certification in anna nagar | DevOps Training | Certification in omr | DevOps Training | Certification in porur | DevOps Training | Certification in tambaram | DevOps Training | Certification in velachery

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Wow it is really wonderful and awesome thus it is very much useful for me to understand many concepts and helped me a lot.

SAP HCM Online Training

SAP HCM Classes Online

SAP HCM Training Online

Online SAP HCM Course

SAP HCM Course Online

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Thank you for excellent article.You made an article that is interesting.

SAP HANA Online Training

SAP HANA Classes Online

SAP HANA Training Online

Online SAP HANA Course

SAP HANA Course Online

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

I have recently visited your blog profile. I am totally impressed by your blogging skills and knowledge.

Dell Boomi Training in Bangalore

Best Dell Boomi Training Institutes in Bangalore

IT Software Training Institute said...

Very interesting blog Thank you for sharing such a nice and interesting blog and really very helpful article.

Sap s4hana simple logistics Online Training

Sap s4hana simple logistics Classes Online

Sap s4hana simple logistics Training Online

Online Sap s4hana simple logistics Course

Sap s4hana simple logistics Course Online

IT Software Training Institute said...

I recently came across your article and have been reading along. I want to express my admiration of your writing skill and ability to make readers read from the beginning to the end. I would like to read newer posts and to share my thoughts with you.

Amazon web services Training in Bangalore

Amazon web services class in Bangalore

learn Amazon web services in Bangalore

places to learn Amazon web services in Bangalore

Amazon web services schools in Bangalore

Amazon web services school reviews in Bangalore

Amazon web services Training reviews in Bangalore

Amazon web services training in Bangalore

Amazon web services institutes in Bangalore

Amazon web services trainers in Bangalore

learning Amazon web services in Bangalore

where to learn Amazon web services in Bangalore

best places to learn Amazon web services in Bangalore

top places to learn Amazon web services in Bangalore

Amazon web services Training in Bangalore India

IT Software Training Institute said...

Wow it is really wonderful and awesome thus it is very much useful for me to understand many concepts and helped me a lot.

Microsoft Sharepoint certification Online Training in bangalore

Microsoft Sharepoint certification courses in bangalore

rtification classes in bangalore

Microsoft Sharepoint certification Online Training institute in bangalore

Microsoft Sharepoint certification course syllabus

best Microsoft Sharepoint certification Online Training

Microsoft Sharepoint certification Online Training centers

radhika said...

Awesome blog. I enjoyed reading your articles. This is truly a great read for me. I have bookmarked it and I am looking forward to reading new articles. Keep up the good work!

AWS training in Chennai

AWS Online Training in Chennai

AWS training in Bangalore

AWS training in Hyderabad

AWS training in Coimbatore

AWS training


CloudLearn ERP said...

Great writing! You have a flair for informational writing. Your content has impressed me beyond words. I have a lot of admiration for your writing. Thank you for all your valuable input on this topic.
Data Science training in Mumbai
Data Science course in Mumbai
SAP training in Mumbai

Jackie Co Kad said...

Great Article
Artificial Intelligence Projects

Project Center in Chennai



JavaScript Training in Chennai

JavaScript Training in Chennai

Data Science training - 360DigiTMG said...

Mindblowing blog appreciating your endless efforts in developing a truly transparent content. Which probably the best one to come across disclosing the content which people might not aware of it. Thanks for bringing out the amazing content and keep sharing more further.

360DigiTMG PMP Certification Course

Data Science Hyderabad said...

Amazing article with unique content and top quality information thank you for sharing.

typeerror nonetype object is not subscriptable

Ethical Hacking Course said...

Awesome blog with interesting topic and information provided was very valuable waiting for next blog update thank you .
Ethical Hacking Course in Bangalore

ravi kumar said...

We have seen many blog but this the great one, Thanks for provide great informatic and looking beautiful blog, really nice required information & the things i never imagined and i would like to request, wright more blog and blog post like that for us. Thanks you once agian

birth certificate in delhi
birth certificate in noida
birth certificate in ghaziabad
birth certificate in gurgaon
correction in birth certificate
marriage registration in delhi
marriage certificate delhi
how to change name in 10th marksheet
marriage registration in ghaziabad
marriage registration in gurgaon

jhansi said...

Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores, California.
tally training in chennai

hadoop training in chennai

sap training in chennai

oracle training in chennai

angular js training in chennai

manjot singh said...


Thanks for the Valuable information.Really useful information. Thank you so much for sharing. It will help everyone.

SASVBA is recognized as the best machine learning training in Delhi. Whether you are a project manager, college student, or IT student, Professionals are the best machine learning institute in Delhi, providing the best learning environment, experienced machine learning instructors, and flexible training programs for the entire module.
FOR MORE INFO:

Freenom said...

Cliff Saunders has spent over 20 years as a student of health and wellnesskajal sexy photo hd kajal sexy photo hd mouni roy hot boobs priya prakash varrier nude gujarati xxx photo tamannah nude college girl sexy image keerthi suresh hot pics nude anushka sharma tamanna nude images

traininginstitute said...

This is a really very nice post you shared, I like the post, thanks for sharing...

business analytics course

Anonymous said...

Nice blog post,
Digital Marketing Video Course

Bhuvana said...

I seriously love your site.. Very nice colors & theme. Did you create this site yourself? Please reply back as I’m trying to create my very own site and would like to learn where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Many thanks...

DevOps Training in Hyderabad

Data Analytics Course said...

You have completed certain reliable points there. I did some research on the subject and found that almost everyone will agree with your blog.
Data Analytics Course in Bangalore

Tamil novels said...

Very nice post.
Tamil novels
Ramanichandran novels PDF
srikala novels PDF
Mallika manivannan novels PDF
muthulakshmi raghavan novels PDF
Infaa Alocious Novels PDF
N Seethalakshmi Novels PDF
Sashi Murali Tamil Novels PDF Download

HEALTHY HUB said...

best digital marketing course
no 1 digital marketing course in chennai

Unknown said...

This is a great post. I like this topic.This site has lots of advantage.I found many interesting things from this site. It helps me in many ways.Thanks for posting this again. data science training in surat

Unknown said...

I read your post and I found it amazing! thank! data science course in kanpur

Joseph Vijay said...

Very Informative blog. Thank you for sharing with us.
Fold n fly | Classic dart paper airplane | how to make a paper airplane that flies far and straight step by step | windfin | stable paper airplane | nakamura paper airplane | paper airplane templates for distance

Unknown said...

Going to graduate school was a positive decision for me. I enjoyed the coursework, the presentations, the fellow students, and the professors. And since my company reimbursed 100% of the tuition, the only cost that I had to pay on my own was for books and supplies. Otherwise, I received a free master’s degree. All that I had to invest was my time. business analytics course in surat

Unknown said...

A good blog always comes-up with new and exciting information and while reading I have feel that this blog is really have all those quality that qualify a blog to be a one. data science course in kanpur

PMP Training in Malaysia said...

360DigiTMG, the top-rated organisation among the most prestigious industries around the world, is an educational destination for those looking to pursue their dreams around the globe. The company is changing careers of many people through constant improvement, 360DigiTMG provides an outstanding learning experience and distinguishes itself from the pack. 360DigiTMG is a prominent global presence by offering world-class training. Its main office is in India and subsidiaries across Malaysia, USA, East Asia, Australia, Uk, Netherlands, and the Middle East.

Unknown said...

A good blog always comes-up with new and exciting information and while reading I have feel that this blog is really have all those quality that qualify a blog to be a one. data science course in mysore

Unknown said...

The next time I read a blog, I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, but I actually thought you have something interesting to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you could fix if you werent too busy looking for attention. data science course in mysore

Divya said...

Thank you so much for the blog. It is really informative.
Data Science Certification in Chennai
Data Science Online Training
Best Data Science Courses in Bangalore

Viji said...

Thanks for this blog, it is for informative.
Hcl Jobs for Freshers
Google Careers

priya said...

SAS is a command-driven statistical software package widely used for statistical data analysis and visualisation. Statistical Analysis Software is referred to as SAS. The pronunciation of SAS is "SaaS." To know more about SAS join SAS Training in Chennai at FITA Academy.

SAS Training in Chennai

TRONIX said...

Nice thanks for sharing an informative post like this keep posting.

Java course in Hyderabad

Mayuri said...

Great Content....Thanks For Sharing
CCNA Training Institute In Chennai
CCNA Online Training
CCNA Institute In Bangalore

srikanth digital said...

Nice Article. It was Really Helpful to me Thanks for Sharing
Best CA Colleges in Hyderabad

srikanth digital said...

Your blog is fantastic! Thank you for sharing such wonderful content that is very useful to us. I have learned a lot of new information, and the way you explained it clearly is amazing. Please continue to post more useful information.

B.Com Colleges in Hyderabad

srikanth digital said...


I am grateful for your willingness to share your thoughts. Your efforts are truly appreciated and I look forward to reading more from you. Thank you again.

Best CA Coaching in Hyderabad

srikanth digital said...

Your blog is excellent and captivating. Please continue to share more informative posts like this. It was very helpful. Thank you for sharing. Check out my website.

Best Junior Colleges in Hyderabad for CEC

ACS Networks & Technologies said...

Thanks for sharing the blog Keep posting
Also read our latest blog:- CCNA Cloud Certification Training in India